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   2021
/  
  
 : 3   :
:     ,            
         
1.        ;        
  ,      


X₁
4
6
7
9
13
15
X₂
15
12
8
6
4
3
X₃
30
24
20
14
10
4
2.()           ()   
       
()        :

1
3
4
5

1.6
13.8
40.2
125.0
3.()             ()
      A, B  C    ,     
   1/3, 1/4  1/5             
    
4.(a)          ? (b)  
  3       'X'       
   ,  X      
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(c)       ?       
 
5.  n  p            
   ,        
6.    ?      - 
 ,       
7.()         ,     
    ()         

8.           
 ?  -     
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   2021
/  
  
 : 3   :
:     ,            
         
1.        ;        
  ,      


X₁
4
6
7
9
13
15
X₂
15
12
8
6
4
3
X₃
30
24
20
14
10
4
::X₁  X₂  X₃   
        (X₁)          
:    (X₂)      (X₃)     X₁, X₂  X₃ 
   ,           -  
      "- "     , 
 X₂  X₃       X₁     
     :
X₁:4, 6, 7, 9, 13, 15
X₂:15, 12, 8, 6, 4, 3
X₃:30, 24, 20, 14, 10, 4
      ?
 X₁  X₂  X₃    ,        :
    (     X₁-     X₂ = X₃ = 0  )
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b₂     X₃    , X₂        X₁ 
   
b₃X₂    , X₃        
   X₁            ()
    
  ,  -- 
               
 
   3D   :     (X₂, X₃, X₁)  
   ()             
 "   "  
-    :    -   
 
1.     :
o       :
   ?
2.       a, b₂, b₃    :
o    ,       :
󰆹
󰇛
󰇜

           (  ),    X₂ 
   X₃ ; X₁   
3.    :
o         :


:
o  (16.4776):X₁    X₂ = X₃ = 0 ( ,
 0        )
o b₂ = 0.3899: X₃  ,  X₂  1     X₁   0.39 
 
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o b₃ = −0.6233: X₂  ,  X₃  1     X₁   0.62 
   
                 
    -         ,     , X₂  X₁
  ,   X₃  X₁   
X₁     X₂ = 15  X₃ = 30
     :


 (approximately)
      ,    :

       : X₂     X₃    ,  
         X₁   
     
 b₂ (0.3899):- X₂   (  , X₂     
  ), X₁        ,  X₃     
 b₃ (−0.6233): X₂      ,  X₁     X₁ 
               
             X₁   
     
        , X₃   X₂     ,
    X₃      X₁  (  ) X₂    
( )       ,      
  
X₁  " ", X₂  "       "  X₃  " 
    "        (X₂)  ,  
  ;      (X₃)  ,       
           
     
   
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      :  X₂  X₃     (
  ),    X₂  X₃   X₁  ,  
   
  :         
     ,  X₂ = 15  X₃ = 30    ( ) 
 ,       
   : X₂  X₃       
( ),             
    
 
X₁  X₂  X₃   :


X₁      :



2.()           ()   
       
()        :

1
3
4
5

1.6
13.8
40.2
125.0
:(a)        
    : X, Y  Z
           
 
      :
"











 



?"
Easy2Siksha.com
  :
X  Z     Y     ?
             : "  X  Z 
   ,   Y       ?"
,       :
"               ,     
      ?"
          
       :

 Y  X  Z    
       ,    
 
      
        :
"















?"
     :
 X  Y      ?
   Z      ?
             ( ""   )
:    ,             :









?
       
    :
Easy2Siksha.com

: X  Y    ,  Z    
        ,       
 ,    
  
 
 
        
 ,        

       
       
      
       
     
  
        
    
      
      

    :
  =  
  =           󺆅󺆩󺆪󺆫󺆮󺆬󺆭
()        
""       ,          -  
,   ,         -     
     
         :

:
=     
=  
=    
  ""             :
Easy2Siksha.com
2, 4, 8, 16…
 5, 10, 20, 40…         
          ?
 (--  )
 1:     
  :

 2:  
?              ,     
      
  :
 
 :
󰆒
  
     :
󰆒

  -   ? !       ,  
         A  B     
 3:     
   :

󰆒

Easy2Siksha.com

󰆒

       
 4:   
  A  B   :
\antilog \antilog
        :

!     󺆅󺆯󺆱󺆲󺆳󺆰
(c)        
   :

1
2
3
4
5

1.6
4.5
13.8
40.2
125
     :

 1:  
    (   10;       ):


ln(y)
1
1.6
0.470
2
4.5
1.504
3
13.8
2.625
4
40.2
3.695
5
125
4.828
Easy2Siksha.com
 :
󰆒

 2:      
      :
x   = 3
ln(y)   ≈ 2.624
:
󰇛󰇜󰇛
󰆒
󰆒
󰇜
󰇛󰇜
  :

:
 


 3:   

󰆒
󰇛󰇜

:


   
󰇛󰇜
Easy2Siksha.com
           
3.()             ()
      A, B  C    ,     
   1/3, 1/4  1/5             
    
:󷙐󷙑󷙒󷙓󷙔󷙕,         
                
  ,               ,
                
 ,   ,     
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸()   
           0  1     (
-    )   
0       
1       
            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
󰇛󰇜
Number of favorable outcomes
Total number of possible outcomes
:       ,      ?
󰇛Heads󰇜
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
               :    
  
1.   
Easy2Siksha.com
                
  
      (       ), :
󰇛 or 󰇜 󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜
     , :
󰇛 or 󰇜 󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜󰇛 and 󰇜
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
       
    ,      
2.   
                 
    (      ):
󰇛 and 󰇜 󰇛󰇜󰇛󰇜
      , :
󰇛 and 󰇜 󰇛󰇜󰇛 󰇜
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:
           6   
󰇛Heads and 6󰇜

󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸()     
      :
  A, B  C              
    ?
:
:
:
Easy2Siksha.com
                   
 1:      
                  ,
   1    
A      =
B      =
C      =
 2:      
       :
󰇛All fail󰇜
󰇛All fail󰇜


 3:        
1    :
󰇛At least one solves󰇜 󰇛All fail󰇜
󰇛At least one solves󰇜
 ,       3/5  0.6 (60%)
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
    ,         
     ,       1/3   
,       1/4         ,   
    1/5 
       ,              ?
  ,        :       
        :
,       40% 
            60% 
Easy2Siksha.com
  !              , 
        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
                :
         
  ,          "  
 "   
             
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 

  
  
1/3
2/3
1/4
3/4

1/5
4/5
󰇛All fail󰇜
󰇛At least one solves󰇜
󷇮󷇭 
               

        
               
                :
        ,       
60%  
,      :      ,  
           ,   
                 
  
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4.(a)          ? (b)  
  3       'X'       
   ,  X       (c)  
    ?         
:(a)       
  ,              , 
  ,   ,     ,        
          ;     
       ,         
(  )  
                
  
  :
         :  = 1, = 0, 
"    "    
  :              
(0, 1, 2  3)    
 ""  ""           :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             
    ()   
      :
1.     -    ( 0, 1, 2, 3 )
2.           ( , , 
)
    ,     ()    
                
 
         "   5.5      ," 
     ,         
 , :
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      5.4  5.6  
  5  10      
       :󷄧󷄫       
 1     (  1 )
,   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔                
 
()         
    ()       
     3       X =    
  ,      
     ,    : 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
 :HHHHHTHTHTHHHTTTHTTTHTTT
     :
3 HHH → X = 3
2 HHT, HTH, THH → X = 2 (3 )
1 , ,   = 1 (3 )
0 TTT → X = 0
 X   0, 1, 2, 3  
      
   ,      1/8 
,
P(X = 0) = 1/8
P(X = 1) = 3/8
P(X = 2) = 3/8
P(X = 3) = 1/8
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      (PMF)   
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    -     ?
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      ?
   :  = 1/8 + 3/8 + 3/8 + 1/8 = 8/8 = 1   
()    
     ,  ,        
                   
 ₹1         ,       
 ?       
,   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,          
     ,       : E(X) = Σ [x × P(x)]
  : X         ,    
  ,     :
X: 0, 1, 2, 3 P(X): 1/8, 3/8, 3/8, 1/8
, E(X) = 0×1/8 + 1×3/8 + 2×3/8 + 3×1/8= 0 + 3/8 + 6/8 + 3/8= 12/8= 1.5
,        ,       1.5 
,      "1.5 "  ,        
   
    
         
1.  
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               ,  
      
 Y = aX + b ,  E(Y) = aE(X) + b 
:
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
2.   
      X  Y :
E(X + Y) = E(X) + E(Y)
               
3.    
 C   :
E(C) = C
        
4. - (-   )
 X       ,       
5.      
        ,         
      

,        :
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          
               
            ,  
       
           
    
5.  n  p            
   ,        
:󷄧󼿒   ?
                 
  ,        
    !
           :
󷄧󷄫    (n):            
 :    10   n = 10
󷄧󷄬            :

 -   :
 () /  ()
 
 
󷄧󷄭    (p)         :
         1/2 
    : p =   , q =     , q = 1 − p
󷄧󷄮             :
    
  -  
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 ,   X = n     
  : X ~  (n, p)
    : "X, n      p     
  "
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸    
     : "n    x       ?"
      5     2       ?
             
󼩏󼩐󼩑-- 
 :
n =   
p =   
q = 1 − p =   
X =       
x =    
x     ,  (n − x)     
x   (n − x)          :
pˣ × qⁿ⁻ˣ
 !   -       
  :            2    , 
     :



  
,  n    x           
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 :
      :
󰇛 󰇜
󰇛󰇜

:
x = 0,1,2,3,...,n
  n    x     
      
󽇐    
              
󷄧󷄫 ( )
   : "       ?"
   :
Mean 
:          40%  (p = 0.4),   6 
   :  = np = 6 × 0.4 = 2.4
   2  3       
󷄧󷄬   
           
   :
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Variance 󰇛󰇜 
     :

 p   0.5   ,           
 p   0  1   ,          
 
󷄧󷄭   
  p    :
 p = 0.5 ,          
 p > 0.5 ,        (    )
 p < 0.5 ,        (    )
- n    ,           
   
󷄧󷄮X  
X   0, 1, 2, 3, ..., n  
:   = 0,   = n
󷄰󷄯   (    )
          ,  :   
          
  :
󰇛󰇜 󰇛
󰇜
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      
󷔬󷔭󷔮󷔯󷔰󷔱󷔴󷔵󷔶󷔷󷔲󷔳󷔸     ?
   /      , :
   ?  / 
   ?  / 
   ?  / 
   ?  / 
         ,       
 
6.    ?       -  
 ,       
: : ,     
              
   ,        ,      
               -  
         ,   ,    

   
 ()             
:  ( )    ()          
    (PDF)   
󰇛󰇜


󰇛
󰇜

 
    
      ;         
    
     1 ,    
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    :
 : , . 
   :     
      - 
    , PDF   :
󰇛󰇜


   ( )   -    ,  0     
      :
     :
 (, 0) 
: .󰇛󰇜 󰇛󰇜
-             
       ,         
,          
       ?
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   ,  "" ( ,     ) 
      ,       
 
    (    - ) 
 ,          
   (MGF)  
               
   :
󰇛󰇜 󰇟

󰇠


󰇛󰇜
     
󰇛󰇜 󰇛
󰇜
 1:  
󰇛󰇜




󰇛
󰇜


   :
󰇛󰇜




󰇛
󰇜


 2:      
        :

󰇛
󰇜


󰇟
󰇛󰇜


󰇠
    :󰇛󰇜
 󰇛󰇜
      :
󰇛󰇜
󰇛
󰇜

   :
󰇛

󰇜
󰇛󰇜
󰇛
󰇜


󰇟
󰇛󰇜
󰇛󰇜
󰇠

󰇟
󰇛
󰇜
󰇠
Easy2Siksha.com
,         :

󰇛

󰇜

 3:       
   



󰇛

󰇜

 ,
󰇛󰇜 




󰇛

󰇜


 
 
       :




 
 4:  
 ,
󰇛󰇜 

      ,        :󰇛
󰇜
:
󰆒
󰇛󰇜
: .
󰆒󰆒
󰇛󰇜󰇛
󰆒
󰇛󰇜󰇜
  
           ;     
  󰇡
󰇢
              :   ,  ,
           ,   
󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜
󰇛
󰇜
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 ,  
     ( )       170     
       󰇛
󰇜
󰇛󰇜 


               , 
           ,   
      
7.()         ,     
    ()         

:󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐,      
               
        ,       : 
        ,             
""            
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸()   
1. 
 ,      ,          
       
   " " 
  (    )   (    
 )   
  (μ)    (σ²)       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:              ,
      
2. 
      ,       
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          ,    
     
  ()    (s²)       
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:       ,       100  
      100     
 
:  ( )
:    ("   ")
     ;     
            
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
               
     :
1. 
o          
o           ,      
  
2.  
o           
o       
3.  
o            
o      
4.   
o           
o   ,               
      
5. 
o      ,        

6.   
o           
o -          
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󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:           ,    
     ,          
  (,   )     
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸()    
     :  
1.    ?
  ()     (  )      
   
              
 
    : SE    "  "
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     :

:
=   
=  
  ,      (s)    
2.      
  : SE           
 
 :          
 :SE     ( t-  z-) 
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    100        165  ,  
 (SE) = 2           2    
, 165       
3.       
  (n):   SE         
   
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  (σ):   SE   
 :     ,   SE   
4.   
                   
  500      ,    20      
    
     25 
               
           (25 )  500  
      
 SE   (, 0.5 ),            SE
  (, 3 ),     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
  :   ;    
    :,  , ,  
,   
 :            
  
            , 
        ,        
  
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 




    
   

      
   
     100 


, ,  
    
   
 
   
   SE = 2 
󷇮󷇭 
                
      ,             
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 ,            
 ,                
8.           
 ?  -     
:󺮥  – “     ,   
              ,    
               
          
    
  ,             
,           ,  ,   
      
 
              
󹼣  – “        
               
 ,        ,      :
  
   
       
  -    
,     ,       
 (- )  
 ""              
 ,       
 
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                 
           
󽆪󽆫󽆬       (  )
          :
 
 
    
      
      
      
 
   
   
 , - 
    
   
      ,
    
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  =  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  =  
󽇐    ?
  ,            
  :             
      
     2000       200     
         :
   1  2000     
       ,         
 200 
            
    
       ,    :
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜       
󹵙󹵚󹵛󹵜  ,    
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   
󺮥    ()
             

󷄧󼿒1.   
       ,        
         ,     
 
󷄧󼿒2.    
              
,   
󷄧󼿒3.   
     : "   "        
     
󷄧󼿒4.    
    ,           
   ,           
󷄧󼿒5.    
             
   , ,       
󹼣     /
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     ,     
󽆱1.      
                
   ,        
:          ,       
   ?  !       
󽆱2.     
          ,        
       ,     
󽆱3.   
      ,         
      ,     
󽆱4.    
   ,   -        
    
:          ,       
       
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸    
               
      :
󹼧 
   
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     
 
 
󹼧 
      
     
 
 
󽇐  
           :
      
  
          
  ,           ,   
,         
             
       ,       